Simple textbook models have suggested that single bulbous magma chambers feed volcanoes. However, geological studies have shown that volcanoes are underlain by a complex system of chambers and conduits going through the Earth's crust. The crust is the rigid outer layer of the Earth and... click to read more

The environment is facing a seemingly endless number of problems. From climate change to extinction-level biodiversity losses, the spread of antibiotic resistance, harmful algal blooms, and pollution from multiple chemicals, to name just a few. The consequences and impacts of these issues are far-reaching for... click to read more

Marine plankton forms the basis of life in the ocean, and any changes in marine ecosystems have a profound impact. From observations since the 1950s, we knew that plankton species have been changing their distribution in a way that is consistent with anthropogenic climate change.... click to read more

Climate change is not only altering the ocean's temperature, currents, and productivity, but also the most known forms of animal life. This includes a wide variety of species, from small invertebrates and fish to turtles, tuna, and whales - changes in the marine environment influence... click to read more

Volcanoes are responsible for creating most of Earth's crust by transporting molten rock from deep within the Earth to the surface. Volcanoes are typically present at active plate boundaries, where two tectonic plates either converge or diverge. At convergent plate boundaries, one plate is forced... click to read more